High speed differential signaling logic gate and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

A high-speed differential signaling logic gate includes a 1 st  input transistor, 2 nd  input transistor, complimentary transistor, current source, a 1 st  load, and a 2 nd  load. The 1 st  input transistor is operably coupled to receive a 1 st  input logic signal, which may be one phase of a first differential input signal. The 2 nd  input transistor is coupled in parallel with the 1 st  input transistor and is further coupled to receive a 2 nd  input logic signal, which may be one phase of a 2 nd  differential input signal. The complimentary transistor is operably coupled to the sources of the 1 st  and 2 nd  input transistors and to receive a complimentary input signal, which mimics the other phase of the 1 st  differential logic signal and the 2 nd  differential logic signal. The current source sinks a fixed current from the 1 st  and 2 nd  input transistors and the complimentary transistor. The 1 st  load is operably coupled to the drains of the 1st and 2 nd  input transistors to provide a 1 st  phase of a differential logic output. The 2 nd  load is coupled to the drain of the complimentary transistor to provide a 2 nd  phase of the differential logic output.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Technical Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates generally to signal processing and moreparticularly to logic gates.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] Digital logic circuits such as AND gates, NAND gates, NOR gates,OR gates, exclusive OR gates, latches, inverters, flip-flops, et ceteraare known to be used in a wide variety of electronic devices. Forinstance, digital logic circuits are used in all types of computers(e.g., laptops, personal computers, personal digital assistants, etcetera), entertainment equipment (e.g., receivers, televisions, etcetera), and wireless communication devices (e.g., cellular telephones,radios, wireless local area network devices, et cetera).

[0005] Typically, digital logic circuits are part of a larger circuit,which is fabricated on an integrated circuit. For example, a localoscillator within a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and/or receiverincludes a plurality of flip-flops and logic gates in its dividerfeedback circuit to provide adjustable divider values. As is known, byadjusting the divider value in a local oscillator, the resulting localoscillation can be adjusted to desired values.

[0006] Within the feedback divider circuit, the logic gates are includedto achieve divider values different than powers of 2. Issues arise withthe use of traditional logic gates in applications that push theoperating limits of an integrated circuit process. For example, for amulti-gigahertz frequency range of operation, traditional logic gatescreate a bottleneck for the local oscillator due to the time it takesfor each logic gate to complete its function.

[0007] Another related issue results as supply voltages decrease fornewer integrated circuit fabrication processes (e.g., CMOS, galliumarsenide, silicon germanium, et cetera). As the supply voltagedecreases, the available voltage to enable stacked transistors withinthe logic gates decreases. As such, the transistors have slower rise andfall times than if more voltage were available. Accordingly, it takeslonger for the logic gate to complete its function due to the slowerrise and fall times.

[0008] One obvious solution for increasing the rise and fall times oflogic gates is to increase the supply voltage. However, by increasingthe supply voltage, power consumption increases, and, in many ways,defeats the benefit of newer integrated circuit fabrication processes.

[0009] Further, in high performance applications, such as a radiofrequency integrated circuit, differential signaling is used to improvenoise immunity. Accordingly, the logic gates within the divider circuitof the local oscillator are differential circuits. As is known, an ANDfunction and an OR function are achieved by the same combination ofstack transistors by switching the plurality of the inputs. The numberof transistors in each stack is dependent on the number of inputs. Forexample, a 2 input AND gate or OR gate function has 2 sets of 2transistor stacked on a current source, a 3 input AND gate or OR gatefunction has 2 sets of 3 transistor stacks, et cetera. As such,differential logic gates suffer from the above-mentioned issues as well.

[0010] Therefore, a need exists for a high-speed differential logic gatethat operates effectively in the multi-gigahertz range and is powerconsumption efficient.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The high-speed differential signaling logic gate of the presentinvention substantially meets these needs and others. In one embodimentof a high speed differential signaling logic gate, it includes a 1 ^(st)input transistor, 2^(nd) input transistor, complimentary transistor,current source, a 1^(st) load, and a 2^(nd) load. The 1^(st) inputtransistor is operably coupled to receive a 1^(st) input logic signal,which may be one phase of a first differential input signal. The 2^(nd)input transistor is coupled in parallel with the 1^(st) input transistorand is further coupled to receive a 2^(nd) input logic signal, which maybe one phase of a 2^(nd) differential input signal. The complimentarytransistor is operably coupled to the sources of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd)input transistors and to receive a complimentary input signal. Thecomplimentary input signal mimics the other phase of the 1^(st)differential logic signal and the 2^(nd) differential logic signal.

[0012] The current source is coupled to sink a fixed current from the1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors as well as from the complimentarytransistor. The 1^(st) load is operably coupled to the drains of the1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors and to a 2^(nd) potential. Thecoupling between the 1^(st) load and the drains of the 1^(st and) 2^(nd)input transistors provides a 1^(st) leg, or phase, of a differentiallogic output. The 2^(nd) load is coupled to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor and to the 2^(nd) potential (e.g., V_(DD)). Thecoupling between the 2^(nd) load and the drain of the complimentarytransistor provides a 2^(nd) leg, or phase, of the differential logicoutput.

[0013] The high speed differential signaling logic gate may beconfigured to implement a NOR function, OR function, NAND function, orAND function based on the differing configurations of utilizing thephases of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) differential input signals as well asthe different phases for the differential output. For example, a NORfunction may be obtained when the positive leg of the differential inputsignal is coupled to the 1^(st) input transistor and the positive leg ofthe 2^(nd) differential input signal is coupled to the 2^(nd) inputtransistor. The 1^(st) leg of the differential logic output is thepositive leg of a differential NOR output and the 2^(nd) leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of the differential NORoutput.

[0014] Another embodiment of a high speed differential signalingcombinational logic circuit includes a 1^(st) input transistor, a 2^(nd)input transistor, a complimentary transistor, a 3^(rd) input transistor,a 4^(th) input transistor, a current source, a 1^(st) load, and a 2^(nd)load. The 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors are operably coupled toreceive one phase of 1^(st) and 2^(nd) differential input signals. Thecomplimentary transistor is operably coupled to receive a complimentaryinput signal. The 3^(rd) and 4^(th) input transistors are operablycoupled to receive one phase of a 3^(rd) differential input logicsignal. The 1^(st) load is coupled to the drains of the 1^(st) and2^(nd) input transistors wherein such coupling provides a 1^(st) leg ofa differential logic output. The 2^(nd) load is coupled to the drain ofthe complimentary transistor wherein such coupling provides a 2^(nd) legof the differential logic output. The drain of the 4^(th) inputtransistor is coupled to the drain of the complimentary transistor. Thedrain of the 3^(rd) input transistor is coupled to the sources of the1^(st), 2^(nd) and complimentary transistors.

[0015] By utilizing different phases of the differential input signalsand changing phases of the differential output signal multiplecombination or logic functions may be achieved. For instance, a OR/NANDfunction, an OR/AND function, a NAND/AND function and an AND functionmay be obtained through various combinations of the phases of thedifferential input signals and changing phases of the differentialoutput signal.

[0016] Various embodiments of the high-speed differential signalinglogic gate or combinational logic circuit may be used in a dividercircuit of a local oscillator within a radio frequency integratedcircuit. Other applications from the high-speed differential signalinglogic gate, and/or combination of logic circuit, may be used incomputers, home entertainment equipment, et cetera.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a wirelesscommunication system in accordance with the present invention;

[0018]FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a wireless communicationdevice in accordance with the present invention;

[0019]FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a local oscillation modulethat may be used in the wireless communication device of FIG. 2;

[0020]FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a divider module that maybe used in the local oscillation module of FIG. 3;

[0021]FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a high speed differentialsignaling logic gate configured as a NOR gate in accordance with thepresent invention;

[0022]FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a highspeed differential signaling logic gate in accordance with the presentinvention;

[0023]FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an alternate embodiment ofa high speed differential signaling logic gate in accordance with thepresent invention;

[0024]FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of ahigh speed differential signaling logic gate in accordance with thepresent invention;

[0025]FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a high speed differentialsignaling combination of logic gate or circuit in accordance with thepresent invention; and

[0026] FIGS. 10-12 illustrate the logical operations of the logic gateof FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a communicationsystem 10 that includes a plurality of base stations and/or accesspoints 12-16, a plurality of wireless communication devices 18-32 and anetwork hardware component 34. The wireless communication devices 18-32may be laptop host computers 18 and 26, personal digital assistant hosts20 and 30, personal computer hosts 24 and 32 and/or cellular telephonehosts 22 and 28. The details of the wireless communication devices willbe described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.

[0028] The base stations or access points 12-16 are operably coupled tothe network hardware 34 via local area network connections 36, 38 and40. The network hardware 34, which may be a router, switch, bridge,modem, system controller, et cetera provides a wide area networkconnection 42 for the communication system 10. Each of the base stationsor access points 12-16 has an associated antenna or antenna array tocommunicate with the wireless communication devices in its area.Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particularbase station or access point 12-14 to receive services from thecommunication system 10. For direct connections (i.e., point-to-pointcommunications), wireless communication devices communicate directly viaan allocated channel.

[0029] Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone systemsand like-type systems, while access points are used for in-home orin-building wireless networks. Regardless of the particular type ofcommunication system, each wireless communication device includes abuilt-in radio and/or is coupled to a radio. The radio includes a highlylinear amplifier and/or programmable multi-stage amplifier as disclosedherein to enhance performance, reduce costs, reduce size, and/or enhancebroadband applications.

[0030]FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a wirelesscommunication device that includes the host device 18-32 and anassociated radio 60. For cellular telephone hosts, the radio 60 is abuilt-in component. For personal digital assistants hosts, laptop hosts,and/or personal computer hosts, the radio 60 may be built-in or anexternally coupled component.

[0031] As illustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processingmodule 50, memory 52, radio interface 54, input interface 58 and outputinterface 56. The processing module 50 and memory 52 execute thecorresponding instructions that are typically done by the host device.For example, for a cellular telephone host device, the processing module50 performs the corresponding communication functions in accordance witha particular cellular telephone standard.

[0032] The radio interface 54 allows data to be received from and sentto the radio 60. For data received from the radio 60 (e.g., inbounddata), the radio interface 54 provides the data to the processing module50 for further processing and/or routing to the output interface 56. Theoutput interface 56 provides connectivity to an output display devicesuch as a display, monitor, speakers, et cetera such that the receiveddata may be displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data fromthe processing module 50 to the radio 60. The processing module 50 mayreceive the outbound data from an input device such as a keyboard,keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input interface 58 or generate thedata itself. For data received via the input interface 58, theprocessing module 50 may perform a corresponding host function on thedata and/or route it to the radio 60 via the radio interface 54.

[0033] Radio 60 includes a host interface 62, digital receiverprocessing module 64, an analog-to-digital converter 66, afiltering/attenuation module 68, an IF mixing down conversion stage 70,a receiver filter 71, a low noise amplifier 72, a transmitter/receiverswitch 73, a local oscillation module 74, memory 75, a digitaltransmitter processing module 76, a digital-to-analog converter 78, afiltering/gain module 80, an IF mixing up conversion stage 82, a poweramplifier 84, a transmitter filter module 85, and an antenna 86. Theantenna 86 may be a single antenna that is shared by the transmit andreceive paths as regulated by the Tx/Rx switch 73, or may includeseparate antennas for the transmit path and receive path. The antennaimplementation will depend on the particular standard to which thewireless communication device is compliant.

[0034] The digital receiver processing module 64 and the digitaltransmitter processing module 76, in combination with operationalinstructions stored in memory 75, execute digital receiver functions anddigital transmitter functions, respectively. The digital receiverfunctions include, but are not limited to, digital intermediatefrequency to baseband conversion, demodulation, constellation demapping,decoding, and/or descrambling. The digital transmitter functionsinclude, but are not limited to, scrambling, encoding, constellationmapping, modulation, and/or digital baseband to IF conversion. Thedigital receiver and transmitter processing modules 64 and 76 may beimplemented using a shared processing device, individual processingdevices, or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing devicemay be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor,microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array,programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analogcircuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals(analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions. The memory 75may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such amemory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatilememory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flashmemory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note thatwhen the processing module 64 and/or 76 implements one or more of itsfunctions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry,and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operationalinstructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the statemachine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.

[0035] In operation, the radio 60 receives outbound data 94 from thehost device via the host interface 62. The host interface 62 routes theoutbound data 94 to the digital transmitter processing module 76, whichprocesses the outbound data 94 in accordance with a particular wirelesscommunication standard (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth, etcetera) to produce digital transmission formatted data 96. The digitaltransmission formatted data 96 will be a digital base-band signal or adigital low IF signal, where the low IF typically will be in thefrequency range of one hundred kilohertz to a few megahertz.

[0036] The digital-to-analog converter 78 converts the digitaltransmission formatted data 96 from the digital domain to the analogdomain. The filtering/gain module 80 filters and/or adjusts the gain ofthe analog signal prior to providing it to the IF mixing stage 82. TheIF mixing stage 82 directly converts the analog baseband or low IFsignal into an RF signal based on a transmitter local oscillation 83provided by local oscillation module 74, which may be implemented inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention. The poweramplifier 84 amplifies the RF signal to produce outbound RF signal 98,which is filtered by the transmitter filter module 85. The antenna 86transmits the outbound RF signal 98 to a targeted device such as a basestation, an access point and/or another wireless communication device.

[0037] The radio 60 also receives an inbound RF signal 88 via theantenna 86, which was transmitted by a base station, an access point, oranother wireless communication device. The antenna 86 provides theinbound RF signal 88 to the receiver filter module 71 via the Tx/Rxswitch 73, where the Rx filter 71 bandpass filters the inbound RF signal88. The Rx filter 71 provides the filtered RF signal to low noiseamplifier 72, which amplifies the signal 88 to produce an amplifiedinbound RF signal. The low noise amplifier 72 provides the amplifiedinbound RF signal to the IF mixing module 70, which directly convertsthe amplified inbound RF signal into an inbound low IF signal orbaseband signal based on a receiver local oscillation 81 provided bylocal oscillation module 74, which may be implemented in accordance withthe teachings of the present invention. The down conversion module 70provides the inbound low IF signal or baseband signal to thefiltering/gain module 68. The filtering/gain module 68 filters and/orgains the inbound low IF signal or the inbound baseband signal toproduce a filtered inbound signal.

[0038] The analog-to-digital converter 66 converts the filtered inboundsignal from the analog domain to the digital domain to produce digitalreception formatted data 90. The digital receiver processing module 64decodes, descrambles, demaps, and/or demodulates the digital receptionformatted data 90 to recapture inbound data 92 in accordance with theparticular wireless communication standard being implemented by radio60. The host interface 62 provides the recaptured inbound data 92 to thehost device 18-32 via the radio interface 54.

[0039] As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the wirelesscommunication device of FIG. 2 may be implemented using one or moreintegrated circuits. For example, the host device may be implemented onone integrated circuit, the digital receiver processing module 64, thedigital transmitter processing module 76 and memory 75 may beimplemented on a second integrated circuit, and the remaining componentsof the radio 60, less the antenna 86, may be implemented on a thirdintegrated circuit. As an alternate example, the radio 60 may beimplemented on a single integrated circuit. As yet another example, theprocessing module 50 of the host device and the digital receiver andtransmitter processing modules 64 and 76 may be a common processingdevice implemented on a single integrated circuit. Further, the memory52 and memory 75 may be implemented on a single integrated circuitand/or on the same integrated circuit as the common processing modulesof processing module 50 and the digital receiver and transmitterprocessing module 64 and 76.

[0040]FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the local oscillation module74 that includes a phase and frequency detection module 100, a chargepump circuit 102, a loop filter 104, a voltage controlled oscillator(VCO) 106, and a divider module 108. The receiver local oscillation 81and the transmitter local oscillation 83 may be generated from theoutput oscillation 126 in a variety of embodiments. In one embodiment,the receiver local oscillation 81 and the transmitter local oscillation83 are directly produced from the output oscillation 126 via buffers 130and 132. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, an I and Qcomponent for the receiver local oscillation 81 and the transmitterlocal oscillation 83 may be obtained by phase shifting the I componentsof the local oscillations 81 and 83 by 90°.

[0041] In an alternate embodiment, the receiver local oscillation 81 andtransmitter local oscillation 83 may be produced by a plurality of logicgates. As shown, the output oscillation 126 may be divided via a divideby 2 module 134 and then multiplied via multiplier 136. The resultingoscillation from multiplier 136 has a frequency that is 1½ times theoutput oscillation 126. From this increased oscillation the receiverlocal oscillation 81 and transmitter local oscillation 83 are derivedvia buffers 138 and 140. As one of average skill in the art willappreciate, the output oscillation 126 may be phase shifted by 90° andthe logic circuitry repeated to produce a Q component for the receiverlocal oscillation 81 and a Q component for the transmit localoscillation 83.

[0042] The phase and frequency detection module 100 is operably coupledto receive a reference oscillation 110 and a feedback oscillation 128. Acrystal oscillator and/or any other type of clock source may produce thereference oscillation 110. The phase and frequency detection module 100produces a charge-up signal 112 when the phase and/or frequency of thefeedback oscillation 128 lags the phase and/or frequency of thereference oscillation 110. In this condition, the output oscillation 126is at a frequency below its desired rate. The phase and frequencydetection module 100 generates the charge down signal 114 when the phaseand/or frequency of the feedback oscillation 128 leads the phase and/orfrequency of the reference oscillation 110. In this condition, theoutput oscillation 126 is above its desired rate. The phase andfrequency detection module 100 produces the off signal 116 when thephase and/or frequency of the feedback oscillation 128 is aligned withthe phase and/or frequency of the reference oscillation 110 and when thecharge up signal 112 and charge down signal 114 are not being produced.

[0043] The charge pump circuit 102 receives the charge-up signal 112,the charge-down signal 114 and the off signal 116. The charge pump 102produces a positive current 118 in response to the charge-up signal 112;produces a negative current 120 in response to the charge-down signal114; and produces a zero current 122 in response to the off signal 116.The loop filter 104 receives the positive current 118, negative current120 and the zero current 122 and produces therefrom a control voltage124. The loop filter 104 provides the control voltage 124 to the voltagecontrol oscillator 106, which generates the output oscillation 126 basedthereon.

[0044] The divider module 108, which may be a fractional-N dividermodule, divides the output oscillation 126 by a divider value (e.g., aninteger value or a real number) to produce the feedback oscillation 128.The divider module 108 will be described in greater detail withreference to FIG. 4. Note that if the divider module 108 is afractional-N divider module it includes a Delta Sigma modulator,register and summing module. The Delta Sigma modulator is operablycoupled to generate an over sampled digital data stream that representsa fractional component of the fractional-N divider value. The registerstores an integer component of the fractional-N divider value while thesumming module sums the over sampled digital data stream with theinteger component to produce the fractional-N divider value.

[0045]FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic block diagram of divider module108. The divider module 108 includes a plurality of flip-flops 142-148and logic circuitry 150, which may process differential signals orsingle-ended signals. The logic circuit 150 includes NOR gate 154 andNOR gate 156. The logic circuitry 150 produces a control signal 158based on the outputs of the flip-flops 142, 144, 146 and 148 as well asa divider select signal 152. In accordance with the control signal 158,the divider module 108 will provide a divide by 15 function or divide by16 function. Accordingly, the feedback oscillation 128 will be {fraction(1/15)}^(th) or {fraction (1/16)}^(th) the output oscillation 126.

[0046]FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a high speed differentialsignaling logic gate configured as a NOR gate 156. The NOR gate 156includes a 1^(st) input transistor, a 2^(nd) input transistor, acomplimentary transistor (COMP), a current source 162 and a pair ofloads 164 and 166, which may be resistors, transistors, or any othercircuit element that provides an impedance. The gate of thecomplimentary transistor is operably coupled to receive a complimentaryinput signal 160. The complimentary input signal 160 mimics the oppositephase of the inputs provided to the 1^(st) and/or 2^(nd) inputtransistors. The generation of the complimentary input signal 160 willbe described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.

[0047] The 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors are operably coupled toreceive separate input signals. To implement the NOR gate 156 of thelogic circuitry 150, the 1^(st) input transistor has its gate coupled toreceive the positive phase, or leg, of the differential output offlip-flop 142. The gate of the 2^(nd) input transistor is operablycoupled to receive one phase, or leg, of the differential output of NORgate 154. Accordingly, when at least one of the inputs provided to the1^(st) and 2^(nd) transistor is high (e.g., a logic one state), themajority of the current sinked by current source 162 flows through the1^(st) or 2^(nd) input transistor. As such, the node coupling load 164to the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors is low (e.g., logic zero).The node coupling load 166 to the drain of the complimentary transistoris high since the complimentary transistor is essentially off. Thus, adifferential output signal, which in this example is control signal 158,is produced at the nodes coupling the loads 164 and 166 to theirrespective transistors.

[0048] As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, NOR gate 154may be implemented in a similar fashion as NOR gate 156 of FIG. 5 withthe addition of two input transistors coupled in parallel with the1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors wherein the gates of the additionalinput transistors are operably coupled to receive respective inputs ofthe four input NOR gate 154.

[0049]FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic block diagram of a high speeddifferential signaling logic gate 170 that may be configured toimplement a NOR gate, OR gate, NAND gate or AND gate. As shown, thelogic gate 170 includes 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors, thecomplimentary input transistor, current source 162 and loads 164 and166. In this implementation, the complimentary input signal 160 isprovided by the drain of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors. Assuch, when the 1^(st) or 2^(nd) input is on, the complimentary inputsignal is low, thus the complimentary transistor is off, and thedifferential output has its 1^(st) leg “C” low and its 2^(nd) leg “D”high. Conversely, when the both the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistorsare off, the complimentary input signal will be high, thus thecomplimentary transistor will be on, and the differential output willhaves its 1^(st) leg “C” high and its 2^(nd) leg “D” low.

[0050] As is further shown, the 1^(st) input transistor is operablycoupled to receive one phase of differential input “a” and the 2^(nd)input transistor is operably coupled to receive one phase ofdifferential input “b”. Accordingly, by modifying the polarity of theinputs and the polarity of the differential output, the NOR function, ORfunction, NAND function or AND function may be achieved via the logicgate 170.

[0051] For example, to achieve a NOR function, the positive phases ofdifferential input “a” and differential input “b” are received by the1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors, respectively. The differentialoutput of a NOR function has node C being the positive leg and node Dbeing the negative leg. To achieve an OR function, the positive legs ofthe differential inputs “a” and “b” are inputted to the 1^(st) and2^(nd) input transistors. The differential output of an OR function hasnode C being the negative leg and node D being the positive leg.

[0052] To achieve a NAND function, the negative legs of the differentialinputs “a” and “b” are provided to the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) inputtransistors, respectively. The differential output of a NAND functionhas the C node being the negative leg and the D node being the positiveleg. To achieve an AND function, the negative phases of the differentialinputs “a” and “b” are inputted to the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) inputtransistors, respectively. The differential output of an AND functionhas node C as the positive phase and node D as the negative phase.

[0053] As illustrated, the logic gate 170 is coupled to a 1^(st) and2^(nd) potential, where the 1^(st) potential corresponds to V_(SS)(e.g., circuit ground or analog ground), and V_(DD), which correspondsto the supply voltage. As such, the logic gate 170 may be used in a widevariety of differential circuit implementations especiallymulti-gigahertz frequency operations and low supply voltage operationssince the logic gate does not include stacked transistors on a currentsource and thus has sufficient rise and fall times to meet the demandsof multi-gigahertz operation without excessive power consumption.

[0054]FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment of a high speeddifferential signaling logic gate 180. In this implementation, the loads164 or 166, current source 162, 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors andcomplimentary transistor function as previously described with referenceto FIG. 6. In this embodiment, however, the complimentary input signal160 is produced via a load 165 and a 2^(nd) current source 182. The load165, which may be a resistor, has the same impedance value as loads 164and 166. The current source 182 sinks approximately one-half the currentas current source 162, which allows the complimentary transistor to turnon when both the input transistors are off and to turn off when one orboth of the input transistors are on. For example, when the 1^(st)and/or the 2^(nd) input transistors are on (i.e., its input is high atV_(DD)) and the gate voltage of the complimentary transistor is atV_(DD) minus the voltage drop across load 165, the current provided bycurrent source 162 flows primarily through load 164 and not through load166. As such, the complimentary transistor is effectively off and one orboth the input transistors are on such that node C of the differentialoutput will be low and node D of the differential output will be high.Conversely, when both input transistors are off (i.e., both inputsignals are low), the biasing of the complimentary transistor willessentially turn on the complimentary transistor such that the currentsinked by current source 162 will flow through load 166. In this state,node D of the differential output will be low and node C of thedifferential output will be high.

[0055] As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the logicgate 180 of FIG. 7 may be configured to produce a NOR function, ORfunction, NAND function or AND function in a similar manner as logicgate 170 of FIG. 6. As one of average skill in the art will furtherappreciate, the logic gate 170 of FIG. 6 and logic gate 180 of FIG. 7may be implemented using N-channel transistors or P-channel transistorswith the circuit reconfigured accordingly.

[0056]FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic block diagram of a high speeddifferential signaling logic gate 190 that includes a plurality of inputtransistors, the complimentary transistor, the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) loads164 and 166, and current source 162. The gate of the complimentarytransistor is operably coupled to receive the complimentary input signal160, which may be generated as illustrated in FIG. 6 or 7. In thisembodiment, the logic gate 190 includes a plurality of inputs and acorresponding number of input transistors. As such, three or more inputlogic functions, such as NOR, OR, AND and NAND, maybe achieved withoutstacking transistors.

[0057]FIG. 9 illustrates a high speed differential signalingcombinational logic circuit 200 that includes 4 input transistors, acomplimentary transistor, two loads R1 and R2, and a current source 162.In this embodiment, the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors are operablycoupled to receive one phase or another of respective differential logicinput signals (e.g., 1^(st) logic signal or 2^(nd) logic signal). The3^(rd) and 4^(th) input transistors are operably coupled to receiverespective legs of a 3^(rd) logic input signal. The complimentarytransistor is coupled to receive the complimentary input signal 160,which may be generated as illustrated in FIG. 6 or 7. As one of averageskill in the art will appreciate, multiple input transistors may becoupled in parallel with the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) input transistors tofurther extend the functionality of the logic gate 200. The logic gate200 may be configured to implement one or more of the logical functionsillustrated in FIGS. 10-13.

[0058] As shown in FIG. 10, the positive phases of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd)logic input signals are provided to perform a OR function. The output ofthe OR gate is coupled to one input of an AND gate. The 2^(nd) input ofthe AND gate is coupled to the differential 3^(rd) logic input signal.As such, the differential logic output 202 is achieved as a OR functionof the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) logic input signals (the positive phasesthereof) and an ANDing of the 3^(rd) logic input with the resulting ORfunction. To achieve the OR function, node A of differential logicoutput 202 is considered to be the positive phase and node B isconsidered to be the negative phase.

[0059]FIG. 11 illustrates an OR/NAND function. The configuration issimilar to the NOR/AND function of FIG. 10, however, the polarity of thedifferential logic output 202 is reversed. As such, the node B isconsidered the positive phase and node A is the negative phase for thedifferential logic output of FIG. 11.

[0060]FIG. 12 illustrates a NAND/AND function where the negative phasesof the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) logic inputs are provided to the 1^(st) and2^(nd) transistors. Node A of differential logic output 202 isconsidered to be the positive phase and node B is considered to be thenegative phase of the differential output 202 to produce the NANDfunction. The ANDing of the 3^(rd) logic input with the output of theNAND gate produces the differential logic output 202.

[0061] The preceding discussion has presented a high speed differentialsignaling logic gate and combinational logic circuit that may be usedseparately or in multiple combinations to achieve an almost endless listof digital logical functions. The logic circuits and/or gates, include aminimal number of transistors which reduces power consumption, improvesspeed of performance, and allows such gates to be implemented inmulti-gigahertz applications, such as radio frequency integratedcircuits when fabricated within a CMOS integrated circuit. As one ofaverage skill in the art will appreciate, other embodiments may bederived from the teachings of the present invention, without deviatingfrom the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A high-speed differential signaling logic gatecomprises: first input transistor having a gate, a drain, and a source,wherein the gate of the first input transistor is operably coupled toreceive a first input logic signal; second input transistor having agate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the second inputtransistor is operably coupled to receive a second input logic signal,wherein the first and second input transistors are coupled in parallel;complimentary transistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, whereinthe source of the complimentary transistor is operably coupled to thesources of the first and second input transistors, wherein the gate ofthe complimentary transistor is operably coupled to receive acomplimentary input signal; current source operably coupled to thesources of the first and second input transistors and to a firstpotential; first load operably coupled to the drains of the first andsecond input transistors and to a second potential, wherein the couplingof the first load to the drains of the first and second inputtransistors provides a first leg of a differential logic output of thehigh-speed differential signaling logic gate; and second load operablycoupled to the drain of the complimentary transistor and to the secondpotential, wherein the coupling of the second load to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor provides a second leg of the differential logicoutput.
 2. The high-speed differential signaling logic gate of claim 1further comprises: a NOR function when the first input logic signalcorresponds to a positive leg of a first differential input logicsignal, the second input logic signal corresponds to a positive leg of asecond differential input logic signal, the first leg of thedifferential logic output is a positive leg of a differential NORoutput, and the second leg of the differential logic output is anegative leg of the differential NOR output; an OR function when thefirst input logic signal corresponds to the positive leg of the firstdifferential input logic signal, the second input logic signalcorresponds to the positive leg of the second differential input logicsignal, the first leg of the differential logic output is the negativeleg of a differential OR output, and the second leg of the differentiallogic output is a positive leg of the differential OR output; a NANDfunction when the first input logic signal corresponds to a negative legof the first differential input logic signal, the second input logicsignal corresponds to a negative leg of the second differential inputlogic signal, the first leg of the differential logic output is anegative leg of a differential NAND output, and the second leg of thedifferential logic output is a positive leg of the differential NANDoutput; and an AND function when the first input logic signalcorresponds to the negative leg of the first differential input logicsignal, the second input logic signal corresponds to the negative leg ofthe second differential input logic signal, the first leg of thedifferential logic output is a positive leg of a differential ANDoutput, and the second leg of the differential logic output is anegative leg of the differential AND output.
 3. The high-speeddifferential signaling logic gate of claim 1 further comprises: thirdload substantially equal to the first and second loads; and secondcurrent source operably coupled to the third load, wherein the secondcurrent source provides approximately one-half the current as providedby the current source, and wherein the coupling of the third load to thesecond current source provides the complimentary input signal.
 4. Thehigh-speed differential signaling logic gate of claim 1 furthercomprises: the gate of the complimentary transistor coupled to thedrains of the first and second input transistors to provide thecomplimentary input signal.
 5. The high-speed differential signalinglogic gate of claim 1 further comprises: a third input transistor havinga gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the third inputtransistor is operably coupled to receive a third input logic signal,and wherein the third input transistor is coupled in parallel to thefirst and second input transistors.
 6. The high-speed differentialsignaling logic gate of claim 1, wherein the first and second loadfurther comprises resistors having substantially equal resistive values.7. The high-speed differential signaling logic gate of claim 1, whereinthe first, second, and complimentary transistors further comprises atleast one of: N-channel transistors; and P-channel transistors.
 8. Ahigh-speed differential signaling combinational logic circuit comprises:first input transistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein thegate of the first input transistor is operably coupled to receive afirst input logic signal; second input transistor having a gate, adrain, and a source, wherein the gate of the second input transistor isoperably coupled to receive a second input logic signal, wherein thefirst and second input transistors are coupled in parallel;complimentary transistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, whereinthe source of the complimentary transistor is operably coupled to thesources of the first and second input transistors, wherein the gate ofthe complimentary transistor is operably coupled to receive acomplimentary input signal; third input transistor having a gate, adrain, and a source, wherein the gate of the third input transistor isoperably coupled to receive a first leg of a third input logic signal,and wherein the drain of the third input transistor is operably coupledto the sources of the first, second, and complimentary transistors;fourth input transistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, whereinthe gate of the fourth input transistor is operably coupled to receive asecond leg of the third input logic signal, and wherein the drain of thefourth input transistor is operably coupled to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor; current source operably coupled to the sourcesof the third and fourth input transistors and to a first potential;first load operably coupled to the drains of the first and second inputtransistors and to a second potential, wherein the coupling of the firstload to the drains of the first and second input transistors provides afirst leg of a differential logic output of the high-speed differentialsignaling combinational logic circuit; and second load operably coupledto the drain of the complimentary transistor and to the secondpotential, wherein the coupling of the second load to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor provides a second leg of the differential logicoutput.
 9. The high-speed differential signaling combinational logiccircuit of claim 8 further comprises: a OR-NAND function when the firstinput logic signal corresponds to a positive leg of a first differentialinput logic signal, the second input logic signal corresponds to apositive leg of a second differential input logic signal, the first legof the differential logic output is a positive leg of a differentialOR-NAND output, and the second leg of the differential logic output is anegative leg of the differential OR-NAND output; an OR-AND function whenthe first input logic signal corresponds to the positive leg of thefirst differential input logic signal, the second input logic signalcorresponds to the positive leg of the second differential input logicsignal, the first leg of the differential logic output is the negativeleg of a differential OR-AND output, and the second leg of thedifferential logic output is a positive leg of the differential OR-ANDoutput; and a NAND-AND function when the first input logic signalcorresponds to a negative leg of the first differential input logicsignal, the second input logic signal corresponds to a negative leg ofthe second differential input logic signal, the first leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of a differential NAND-ANDoutput, and the second leg of the differential logic output is apositive leg of the differential NAND-AND output.
 10. The high-speeddifferential signaling combinational logic circuit of claim 8 furthercomprises: third load substantially equal to the first and second loads;and second current source operably coupled to the third load, whereinthe second current source provides approximately one-half the current asprovided by the current source, and wherein the coupling of the thirdload to the second current source provides the complimentary inputsignal.
 11. The high-speed differential signaling combinational logiccircuit of claim 8 further comprises: the gate of the complimentarytransistor coupled to the drains of the first and second inputtransistors to provide the complimentary input signal.
 12. Thehigh-speed differential signaling combinational logic circuit of claim 8further comprises: a fifth input transistor having a gate, a drain, anda source, wherein the gate of the fifth input transistor is operablycoupled to receive a fourth input logic signal, and wherein the fifthinput transistor is coupled in parallel to the first and second inputtransistors.
 13. The high-speed differential signaling combinationallogic circuit of claim 8, wherein the first and second load furthercomprises resistors having substantially equal resistive values.
 14. Thehigh-speed differential signaling combinational logic circuit of claim8, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and complimentarytransistors further comprises at least one of: N-channel transistors;and P-channel transistors.
 15. An oscillation synthesizer comprises:phase and frequency detector operably coupled to generate a charge upsignal when phase of a reference oscillation leads phase of a feedbackoscillation or when frequency of the reference oscillation leadsfrequency of the feedback oscillation, to generate a charge down signalwhen the phase of the reference oscillation lags the phase of thefeedback oscillation or when the frequency of the reference oscillationlags the frequency of the feedback oscillation; charge pump operablycoupled to produce a positive current in response to the charge upsignal and to produce a negative current in response to the charge downsignal; loop filter operably coupled to generate a control voltage basedon the positive current and negative current; voltage controlledoscillator operably coupled to generate an output oscillation based onthe control voltage; and divider module operably coupled to produce thefeedback oscillation from the output oscillation based on a dividervalue, wherein the divider module includes: plurality of flip-flopsinteroperably coupled to produce the feedback oscillation by dividingthe output oscillation in accordance with a control signal; and logiccircuit operable to produce the control signal based on a divider selectsignal, wherein the logic circuit includes: first input transistorhaving a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the firstinput transistor is operably coupled to receive a first output from theplurality of flip-flops; second input transistor having a gate, a drain,and a source, wherein the gate of the second input transistor isoperably coupled to receive an input logic signal corresponding to thedivider select signal, wherein the first and second input transistorsare coupled in parallel; complimentary transistor having a gate, adrain, and a source, wherein the source of the complimentary transistoris operably coupled to the sources of the first and second inputtransistors, wherein the gate of the complimentary transistor isoperably coupled to receive a complimentary input signal; current sourceoperably coupled to the sources of the first and second inputtransistors and to a first potential; first load operably coupled to thedrains of the first and second input transistors and to a secondpotential, wherein the coupling of the first load to the drains of thefirst and second input transistors provides a first leg of the controlsignal; and second load operably coupled to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor and to the second potential, wherein thecoupling of the second load to the drain of the complimentary transistorprovides a second leg of the control signal.
 16. The oscillationsynthesizer of claim 15, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: aNOR function when the first input logic signal corresponds to a positiveleg of a first differential input logic signal, the second input logicsignal corresponds to a positive leg of a second differential inputlogic signal, the first leg of the differential logic output is apositive leg of a differential NOR output, and the second leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of the differential NORoutput; an OR function when the first input logic signal corresponds tothe positive leg of the first differential input logic signal, thesecond input logic signal corresponds to the positive leg of the seconddifferential input logic signal, the first leg of the differential logicoutput is the negative leg of a differential OR output, and the secondleg of the differential logic output is a positive leg of thedifferential OR output; a NAND function when the first input logicsignal corresponds to a negative leg of the first differential inputlogic signal, the second input logic signal corresponds to a negativeleg of the second differential input logic signal, the first leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of a differential NANDoutput, and the second leg of the differential logic output is apositive leg of the differential NAND output; and an AND function whenthe first input logic signal corresponds to the negative leg of thefirst differential input logic signal, the second input logic signalcorresponds to the negative leg of the second differential input logicsignal, the first leg of the differential logic output is a positive legof a differential AND output, and the second leg of the differentiallogic output is a negative leg of the differential AND output.
 17. Theoscillation synthesizer of claim 15, wherein the logic circuit furthercomprises: third load substantially equal to the first and second loads;and second current source operably coupled to the third load, whereinthe second current source provides approximately one-half the current asprovided by the current source, and wherein the coupling of the thirdload to the second current source provides the complimentary inputsignal.
 18. The oscillation synthesizer of claim 15, wherein the logiccircuit further comprises: the gate of the complimentary transistorcoupled to the drains of the first and second input transistors toprovide the complimentary input signal.
 19. The oscillation synthesizerof claim 15, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: a third inputtransistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of thethird input transistor is operably coupled to receive a third inputlogic signal, and wherein the third input transistor is coupled inparallel to the first and second input transistors.
 20. The oscillationsynthesizer of claim 15, wherein the first and second load furthercomprises resistors having substantially equal resistive values.
 21. Theoscillation synthesizer of claim 15, wherein the first, second, andcomplimentary transistors further comprises at least one of: N-channeltransistors; and P-channel transistors.
 22. The oscillation synthesizerof claim 15, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: third inputtransistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of thethird input transistor is operably coupled to receive a first leg of athird input logic signal, and wherein the third input transistorprovides part of the operably coupling between the first and secondinput transistors and the current source; and fourth input transistorhaving a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the fourthinput transistor is operably coupled to receive a second leg of thethird input logic signal, and wherein the fourth transistor providesanother part of the operably coupling between the first and second inputtransistors and the current source.
 23. The oscillation synthesizer ofclaim 15 further comprises: the divider module providing an integerdivider value or a fractional-N divider value.
 24. An integrated circuitradio comprises: a transmitter section operably coupled to convertoutbound data into outbound radio frequency (RF) signals based on atransmitter local oscillation; a receiver section operably coupled toconvert inbound RF signals into inbound data based on a receiver localoscillation; local oscillation module operably coupled to produce thetransmitter and receiver local oscillations, wherein the localoscillation module includes: phase and frequency detector operablycoupled to generate a charge up signal when phase of a referenceoscillation leads phase of a feedback oscillation or when frequency ofthe reference oscillation leads frequency of the feedback oscillation,to generate a charge down signal when the phase of the referenceoscillation lags the phase of the feedback oscillation or when thefrequency of the reference oscillation lags the frequency of thefeedback oscillation; charge pump operably coupled to produce a positivecurrent in response to the charge up signal and to produce a negativecurrent in response to the charge down signal; loop filter operablycoupled to generate a control voltage based on the positive current andnegative current; voltage controlled oscillator operably coupled togenerate an output oscillation based on the control voltage, wherein thetransmitter and receiver local oscillations are based on the outputoscillation; and divider module operably coupled to produce the feedbackoscillation from the output oscillation based on a divider value,wherein the divider module includes: plurality of flip-flopsinteroperably coupled to produce the feedback oscillation by dividingthe output oscillation in accordance with a control signal; and logiccircuit operable to produce the control signal based on a divider selectsignal, wherein the logic circuit includes: first input transistorhaving a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the firstinput transistor is operably coupled to receive a first output from theplurality of flip-flops; second input transistor having a gate, a drain,and a source, wherein the gate of the second input transistor isoperably coupled to receive an input logic signal corresponding to thedivider select signal, wherein the first and second input transistorsare coupled in parallel; complimentary transistor having a gate, adrain, and a source, wherein the source of the complimentary transistoris operably coupled to the sources of the first and second inputtransistors, wherein the gate of the complimentary transistor isoperably coupled to receive a complimentary input signal; current sourceoperably coupled to the sources of the first and second inputtransistors and to a first potential; first load operably coupled to thedrains of the first and second input transistors and to a secondpotential, wherein the coupling of the first load to the drains of thefirst and second input transistors provides a first leg of the controlsignal; and second load operably coupled to the drain of thecomplimentary transistor and to the second potential, wherein thecoupling of the second load to the drain of the complimentary transistorprovides a second leg of the control signal.
 25. The integrated circuitradio of claim 24, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: a NORfunction when the first input logic signal corresponds to a positive legof a first differential input logic signal, the second input logicsignal corresponds to a positive leg of a second differential inputlogic signal, the first leg of the differential logic output is apositive leg of a differential NOR output, and the second leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of the differential NORoutput; an OR function when the first input logic signal corresponds tothe positive leg of the first differential input logic signal, thesecond input logic signal corresponds to the positive leg of the seconddifferential input logic signal, the first leg of the differential logicoutput is the negative leg of a differential OR output, and the secondleg of the differential logic output is a positive leg of thedifferential OR output; a NAND function when the first input logicsignal corresponds to a negative leg of the first differential inputlogic signal, the second input logic signal corresponds to a negativeleg of the second differential input logic signal, the first leg of thedifferential logic output is a negative leg of a differential NANDoutput, and the second leg of the differential logic output is apositive leg of the differential NAND output; and an AND function whenthe first input logic signal corresponds to the negative leg of thefirst differential input logic signal, the second input logic signalcorresponds to the negative leg of the second differential input logicsignal, the first leg of the differential logic output is a positive legof a differential AND output, and the second leg of the differentiallogic output is a negative leg of the differential AND output.
 26. Theintegrated circuit radio of claim 24, wherein the logic circuit furthercomprises: third load substantially equal to the first and second loads;and second current source operably coupled to the third load, whereinthe second current source provides approximately one-half the current asprovided by the current source, and wherein the coupling of the thirdload to the second current source provides the complimentary inputsignal.
 27. The integrated circuit radio of claim 24, wherein the logiccircuit further comprises: the gate of the complimentary transistorcoupled to the drains of the first and second input transistors toprovide the complimentary input signal.
 28. The integrated circuit radioof claim 24, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: a third inputtransistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of thethird input transistor is operably coupled to receive a third inputlogic signal, and wherein the third input transistor is coupled inparallel to the first and second input transistors.
 29. The integratedcircuit radio of claim 24, wherein the first and second load furthercomprises resistors having substantially equal resistive values.
 30. Theintegrated circuit radio of claim 24, wherein the first, second, andcomplimentary transistors further comprises at least one of: N-channeltransistors; and P-channel transistors.
 31. The integrated circuit radioof claim 24, wherein the logic circuit further comprises: third inputtransistor having a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of thethird input transistor is operably coupled to receive a first leg of athird input logic signal, and wherein the third input transistorprovides part of the operably coupling between the first and secondinput transistors and the current source; and fourth input transistorhaving a gate, a drain, and a source, wherein the gate of the fourthinput transistor is operably coupled to receive a second leg of thethird input logic signal, and wherein the fourth transistor providesanother part of the operably coupling between the first and second inputtransistors and the current source.
 32. The integrated circuit radio ofclaim 24 further comprises: the divider module providing an integerdivider value or a fractional-N divider value.